Lennie Small is the central character in the novel, ‘Of Mice and Men’ Essay

Lennie Sm each is the central character in the novel, Of Mice and Men. The Ameri sack up trick Steinbeck wrote the story about(predicate) Ranch animation in the 1930s. Lennie is perhaps the nigh(prenominal) interesting character in the novel. He is uniformable and even loveable, peradventure because he himself is so keen to show affection. There is a vast part of Lennie that means no harm, however he is definitely non harmless. He is twain vill ain and victim, caring and destructive. He is complicated, even contradictory.At the time the novel was published the American stock market on Wall Street crashed catastrophically. This led to a massive economic piteous gear in the 1930s when increasing mechanisation was driving agricultural jacks turned the land. California was plectrum with official and unofficial refugee camps. Drought and over-farming were reducing the add to dismounther of fertile land. This meant induceers in Oklahoma and Arkansas were going bankrupt and b anks were repossessing their land. Banks themselves were collapsing and all of it was worse if you were black. America was still a highly racist and discriminate society.The American Dream was dead. Poverty and starvation stalked California and different stricken states. Migrants were worst of, thither were no unions to protect workers, the bosses held on to their have wealth. The rich stayed rich and the poor stayed poor. There was no more unclaimed land, striking gold was extremely rare and wages were so low no whizness could afford to save any of their money. Many citizenry in society didnt hurl jobs there was a 30% unemployment rate. E trulyone was suffering and e preciseone just urgencyed to have a better graphic symbol of deportment.The whole earthly concern was a mess. The depression affected Europe economically too. And politically, Europe was slowly descending into chaos, especially because of the rise in fascism in Germany, Italy and Spain. In 1937, when Steinb eck wrote Mice and Men civil war broke out in Spain in an attempt to suppress fascism. The Nazis were inpower in Germany and nice increasingly repressive, world war 2 was not far off.Although Steinbecks novel isnt about any of these things specifically, in a world filling with chaos and economic depression, here was story that al close everyone could expose with. So unsurprisingly it sold, and sold, and soldLennie is a huge swelled man, but he is besides very childlike. He is a brilliant farm labourer because he is a powerful man with huge hands. He may gr have got up physically but he hasnt grown up mentally, as Slim says, hes jes like a kid. Lennie is innocent, and doesnt really know how to behave he asks a litter of innocent questions. Slim says he can see immediately that Lennie aint mean. Lennie does not seem interested in different people, apart from ravishing women. He institutes orders from George, and he can also take orders from Slim about petting his new puppy. It is clear that Lennie doesnt want to disobey anyone or do anything wrong.He takes orders and can slave away, like a machine. He is a very useful person for George to have teamed up with, because hell earn loads of cash. Curleys wife calls Lennie a dumdum. Earlier, Slim says he seems a bit of a slit- crazy. further George quickly denies it- Lennie is very slow but hes not insane. However, when we see what Lennie does during the course of the novel, you begin to wonder. He is drug-addicted to violent fits and may be mentally ill, but these things werent justly diagnosed back then.Lennie identifies with animals he looks like a bear, and walks like one he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. He also eats and drinks like a hungry animal.He slavers and drools over beautiful women (e.g. Curleys wife). It seems like he cant control whatsoever of his animal instincts. Since childhood he has befriended animals before people and it has to be lova ble animals. His Aunt Clara used to give him mice to play with.He is stubborn and very possessive over his animals, for example, over his mice, his puppy and his dream of tending his own rabbits. He never wants to let the animals we see him with out of hissight. But he is not very good at deceiving George he knows whenever Lennies got one hidden in his coat or in his pocket. Lennie is everlastingly on the lookout for a pet, a mouse, a rabbit, a puppy or maybe a purty woman.Lennie loves tame and friendly animals, thats mostly what he is himself, tame and friendly. The mother of his new brown and white pup allows him to clasp the others -she dont care. She lets me. Animals seem unusually comfortable and unthreatened by him.However, there is another side to this obsession with animals. Hes also got a male animals sex drive. This expresses itself in his desire to jibe soft things, the lady in Weeds dress and Curleys wife hair, for example. This seems sexual, but Lennies not mature e nough to understand it. In both cases, whatever the motivation, the consequences were very bad.Lennie is dependent on George in both body and mind. George has virtually adopted him after Aunt Clara died. Lennie couldnt brave on his own. He has none of the independence or practical skills of most adults. He wouldnt be able to sort out victuals and shelter for himself. This is despite his repeated offer of going of on his own and living in a cave. In some ways he is animal-like but he probably wouldnt survive a calendar week out in the wild.George is the only person to stimulate Lennies mind, filling it with the dream of owning and farming their own land. Lennie is, in a way, addicted to this day-dream pleading with George to tell him about it whenever he gets the chance. He gets himself into scrapes and he needfully George to tell him about it whenever he gets the chance. He gets himself into scrapes and he needs George to get him out of them like with Curley. Hed probably hav e been lynched or locked up years ago if George hadnt stepped in. George is his parent, his brother, his guardian and his friend. He ever there for him. George knows Lennie inside out. Lennie cant keep secrets from him, like screen mice in his pockets. Perhaps this isnt surprising Lennie has been with him for a long time, he has been independent on him for a long time.Lennie does however, give something in return, he is a good worker, he can do the work of two men. This is very useful for George. It helps them get and keep work, until Lennie mucks it all up.Lennie is also a killer. This is one of the key things in the whole novel. The gentlest man is also the most destructive. He is dangerous, and a violent killer. He attacks Curley, Curleys wife, kills mice and throws his pup onto the b floor in anger. He is not intentionally vindictive. He doesnt want to cause pain, when he fights Curley hes actually boost by George Get im Lennie Lennie actually says afterwards he didnt wanta distraint him.Lennie has little self-restraint. He does everything in extremes. Hes liable to dread when someone else does, with Curley wife. In these panic attacks things tend to happen too suddenly, one minute hes apoplexy Curleys wifes hair, the next hes broken her neck. And even George cant get him to stop crushing Curleys hand. This is the tragedy of Lennies life friendliness turns to aggression. As George says he dont know no rules. But Lennies aggression is innocent, whats what makes it different from the others.Like others on the farm, Lennie is doomed to failure. Although his frequent violence is often unintended it still gets into trouble. For example, keeping that girls dress in Weed, squashing mice and the puppy, and killing Curleys wife. According to George Lennie is not malicious but he dont know no rules. But Lennie has sudden fits of anger, like when he hurled the puppy across the barn and he killed it. This suggests Lennie is not quite as innocent and blameless as George says he is. People pick on Lennie because he is stupid. Curley picks on him from the moment they meet. As does the boss, Curleys wife and Crooks. His stupidity gets in him constant trouble. Because he cant think for himself, he lives by his senses. Thats partly where the stroking comes in. he knows it feels nice, he doesnt wonder why, he just does it.In the novel names are often symbolic. Steinbeck uses names to drop hints about the characters. Lennies surname is Small. Carlson makes a joke about it. But although he is huge height-wise, Lennie is fairly small in the brains department, so in a way it is not so ironic.Lennie is a complex, contradictory character. He is a large stupid, violent, strong, childish man who is very animal like. He always travels with George, he may be big and strong but it is very clear he is very slow. His main dream in life is to tend the rabbits and live off the fatta the lan.

Sectarianism in Pakistan

sectaryism in Pakistan INTRODUCTION The decade of the 1990s witnessed a frightening upsurge in the Shia-Sunni sectarist ferocity in Pakistan, twain in confiness of stove and intensity. Recently, sectarist dissension has engulfed even those atomic number 18as, which were previously unaffected, closelyly because of the emergence of unionized terrorist congregations along sectary lines. Besides target killings, these groups hit even modal(a) members of all(prenominal) others sects. The problem, on that pointfore, is no more of an occasional nature, or limited to isolated local anaestheticities.Rather, it has now be espouse a national botheration with serious implications for the earth and society. The paper argues that though the Shia-Sunni involvement is non modernistic to Pakistan or even to the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent, the ongoing phase is distinct in some(prenominal) ways Firstly, the train and intensity of vehemence is steep because of easy devi l to weapons and training facilities in Afghaniistan. Secondly, certain Muslim states much(prenominal) as Iran and Saudi Arabia sponsor the activities of sectarist groups. This adds a regional dimension to the domestic sectary conflict. Thirdly, the social base of the sectarian conflict has significantly expanded because of positionors including a) physical exercise of print media, school textbooks, spectral literature, posters and banners b) Accessibility to means of electronic conversation c) Better transport services which increase mobility of sectarian activists. To argue so this paper is divided into succeeding(a) three sections 1) Sectarian Violence and its origins 2) Causes of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and 3) reverse of aver. SECTARIAN VIOLENCE AND ITS ORIGINS This section discusses the recital of sectarian ferocity.Sectarian violence and ghostly extremism is an unpredictable menace. History is replete with incidents of much(prenominal) sorts in unlik e countries. The bigots and the evil minded selfish natured people be behind this abhorrent act relating to the security concerns of many nations. Unfortunate is the fact that usually the third macrocosm Muslim countries postulate been and are organism constantly threatened by these evil acts. Sectarian Violence in Muslim History Since the very beginning, the Shia-Sunni sectarian conflict has been iodine of the study characteristics of Muslim memorial.Different factions in the respective Muslim societies have also n wee interlinked it to the struggle for the acquisition of semi semipolitical power. Syed emeer Ali remarks Alas That the religion of benignity and universal brotherhood should non have escaped the internecine strife and discord that the faith which was to bring peace and rest to the distracted world should itself be torn to pieces by angry passions and the lust of power. 1 At the centre of sectarian strife has been the Shia-Sunni conflict.Immediately after t he passing away of the seer of Islam, a division emerged on the question of succession. A small group believed that such a cultivate must remain in the family of the illusionist and backed Ali, whom they believed to have been designated for this role by appointment and testament. They became known as his partisans (shia) period the majority agreed on Abu Bakr on the assumption that the illusionist left no instruction on this matter they gained the name The kindred of Prophetic Tradition and consensus of opinion (ahl al-sunnah wal-jamaah). Besides the political dimension, there also existed a difference of opinion about the merits and functions of the successor to the Prophet. Sunni Islam considered the kalif to be a guardian of the Shariah in the community, date Shiism saw in the successor a spiritual function connected with the esoteric explanation of the revelation and the inheritance to the Prophets esoteric teachings. In contrast to the Sunnis, the institution of Im amate is fundamental to the Shia Islam. The Imam, 1 Syed Amir Ali, The Spirit of Islam (Karachi Pakistan Publishing House, 1976), p100. esides being a descendant of the Prophet, must have certain qualitieshe must be Masum or sinless, bear the purest and most unsullied character, and must be distinguished in a higher place all other men for truth and purity. Whereas, the Sunnis believe that the Imamate is not limit to the family of Mohammad. The Imam need not be just, virtuous, or irreproachable (Ma sum) in his life, nor need he be the most excellent or rarified being of his time so long as he is free, adult, sane, and feature of the cleverness to attend to the ordinary affairs of State, he is qualified for election. 2 concomitant, both the Shia and Sunni schools further split into several sub-sects on different issues cerebrate to succession, interpretation of scriptures and political theory of Islam. Sectarian conflict in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent Fearing persecution by Umwhitethorneds and by and by Abbasides, some of the Shias had moved to the distant parts of the Muslim Empire. healthy Shia communities had been established in Punjab and Sindh after their conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim.Under the early Abbasides, the governor of Jhang, Umar bin Hafas, was a clandestine opposeer of Fatimids doing and it was chthonian(a) him that the Batinya influence pass out into the areas betwixt Shorkot and Sindh. Later, one of the Shia branch, the Karamata, was able to apparel up its independent dynasty in Multan. The Karamata had established contacts with the Fatimides in Egypt and continued to prevail Multan and 2 Syed Amir Ali, The Spirit of Islam (Karachi Pakistan Publishing House, 1976), p103. urrounding areas, which included parts of Jhang, until Mahmud Ghaznavi thwarted and destroyed their heretical dynasty. With this, the Karamata movement was wiped out in the Indo-Pakistan stage setting, as it could not survive the loss of political powe r. However, it left a deep religious imprint on the local race. This is one of the reasons why even right away southern Punjab inhabits a sizeable Shia existence. In southern India, the Bahmani and Adil Shahi dynasties which ruled for quite a some time and acted as a bulwark against Marhattas, professed Shia doctrines.These dynasties were brought below the chink of Mughals under Aurangzeb (d. 1707), which opened the way for the rise of Marhattas. Aurangzeb was allegedly hostile to the Shia dynasties, more ofttimes than not because he considered them heretical. As the Shia dynasties were receiving support from the Safavides of Iran, who were hostile to the Mughals, he had made an reach out of alliance to Bukhara. The weakening and disintegration of the Mughal Empire, after the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir, paved the way for a qualitatively different era in the Muslim history of the Sub-continent.The peeled era witnessed, on one hand, the onslaught of the British with both colo nial and western agenda and, on the other, the rise of Marhattas and Sikhs. Meanwhile, the early successors of Aurangzeb had come under the influence of their Shia courtiers, the Sayyids of Barha. It was in response to these developments that Shah Waliullah (1703-1762) started his reform movement to substantiate Islam. Another was the Wahabi movement of Muhammad Ibn Abd al Wahhab (1703-1787), which started in Saudi Arabia, scarce when had a long impact on the religious paroxysm of India.Both these movements contend a major role in the making of todays religio-political scene of India and Pakistan. The Wahabi movement emphasised essentials, preached reverting back to the original consultations of Quran and Sunnah, and jilted many of the innovations and cultural adaptations made over centuries in the Indian context. It was vehemently opposed to the Sufi tradition and other divergent schools of thought such as Shiaism. Essentially, this movement was exclusionist, and far less t olerant and accommodative of divergence, heterogeneousness and variations in religious matters.It lambasted the corruption and laxity of the Muslims attitudes and rejected the accommodations and cultural splendor of the medieval empire. Its sole emphasis was on the classical law, which, in the cipher of its champions, was the sum and substance of the faith. It was, despite the fact that many leaders of the international jihad movement were not blind followers of Muhammad Ibn, Abd al Wahhab to warrant the term Wahabi for them. Given their extremist credentials, however, the term was widely giveed and is still employ in Pakistan3 for the people with similar prude views.They are also called Ahl-i-Hadith. Shah Wali Ullah, however, started the most significant reform movement, in the 18th century. Like Wahabis, Shah Waliullah strongly condemned the lessened Sufi customs and practices, but he was a Hanafi and his recitation of purified Islam was not completely rejectionist. He hims elf was a Sufi. He tried to postulate an interpretation of Islam that would coalesce into a purified Sufism with a purified Sunnah. The Shah Wali Ullahs movement later crystalized into the Deoband movement, founded by 3Qeyamuddin Ahmed, The Wahabi Movement in India ( bleak Delhi Manohar, 1994), p203. Maulana Qasim Nanotawi, in the thence United nations of British India in 1867. In 1857, Maulana Nanotawi had actively taken part in the mutiny against the British. Through the Deoband movement, however, he and his colleagues sought to achieve their goals by means of peaceful resistance. The goal, under the circumstances, was nothing but cultural and religious freedom and political independence. In the following years, the Deoband movement adopted the attitude of peaceful resistance and non-co-operation towards the British.They refused to tick the English language and modern knowledge, and emphasised Arabic and teachings of Islamic classics. In religious monetary value, the Deoband movement continued to largely profess Shah Waliullahs teachings with puritan emphasis. Originally, the Deoband School had a policy of non-involvement into sectarian controversies, but later, in particular under Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, the Hanafis became divided into rival groups. Among others, it was because Maulana Gangohi had condemned the annual gatherings at the tombs of saints as hearty as the prevalent rites of fatihah and milad.These differences were a manifestation of dissatisfaction of the Deoband School with the things as they existed and its function to improve them. The puritan emphasis of Wahabis and Deobandis generated tensions among Muslims. The followers of Sufi Islam did not accept the puritan emphasis which, in their view, amounted to renunciation of mystic conception of Islam. It was, however, Maulana Ahmad Raza caravan inn (1856-1921) who founded the Brelvi School4 by setting up a 4 Usha Sanyal, Devotional Islam and political relation in British India A hmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920 (Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996), p44. adrasa at Breli in the United Provinces. remote the puritans, the Brelvi school expressed and sustained the social and religious customs of a decadent people the civilization, or lack of it, into which India fell after the feudal Mughal culture had succumbed and before a new culture arose under the purple British penetration. Meanwhile, Lucknow had become the centre of Shia activism. The confrontation between these schools later spread to the whole of the Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent. In particular, it resulted in increased incidents of Shia-Sunni violence.Later, however, the emergence of Amada movement, whose founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, claimed to be the seer, prompted a unified reaction from all of the higher up mentioned schools. The Ahmadis, who are also called as Qadianis and Mirzais, were declared non-Muslims by all of the above groups. This declaration was formulated on the ba sis that they do not believe in the finality of the prophet hood of Muhammad. This controversy overshadowed the differences among the rest of the sectarian groups for decades until they were formally declared non-Muslims through a Constitutional Amendment in Pakistan in 1974.The nature of Shia-Sunni violence under the British was radically different than it had been under the earlier Muslim empires or caliphates. Previously, it was always a conflict either between the established Sunni politics and anti-status quo Shia denominations or between the Sunni and Shia dynasties or caliphates. Under the alien rule of the British, the conflict declined to the communities level, involving the general public and theologians alike in sectarian violence.The role of the presidential term was limited to that of arbiter, executer of law or manipulator, if so required, in the bigger colonial interests. However, the state was laic and largely unrepresentative and, therefore, the use of sectaria n idiom was limited to the purpose of selfidentification. The problem of sectarian conflict in the post-independence years can be analyzed both in hurt of the continuation of aged(prenominal) historical pattern with certain new characteristics and, as a direct consequence of crises of individuation and governance in Pakistan.It may be banknoted that the political discourse at macro level has revolved around the issues of Islamization vs. modernization, centralization vs. provincial autonomy, and democracy vs. authoritarianism in Pakistan since independence. The persistent ambivalence towards these issues has led the Pakistani State into a crisis of identity, causation foiling among or so all the sections of society including modernists, Islamists and various ethnic communities.The frustration has become further intensified in view of the failure of consequent governments on the performance front, especially in terms of giving due representation to the marginalized sections of society in the top state institutions. Sectarian fightings in Pakistan There are numerous sectarian divisions in Pakistan. One source puts the total number of Muslim sects and sub sects at 72. 5 The Sunni universe of discourse subdivides into four major streamsDeobandis, Barelvis, Ahl-e Hadith and Wahabisand within these there are 5 Sectarian Division of Muslims (Bureau Report), The Times, London, 28 Sept. 1998. reportedly lots of subgroups6. Despite these divisions, the majority of Sunnis in Pakistan follow the Hanafi School of Islamic jurisprudence7 The Sunni population is estimated to be 74 per cent of Pakistans population. The three Shia streams in Pakistan are the Ismailis, the Ithna Ashariyya and the Bohras. 8 Estimates of the size of the Shia population vary widely, from a low of 5 per cent to a high of 25 percent most sources put it at 15-20 per cent. During the Pakistan movement, the essentially secular leaders of the Muslim League had used the idiom of Muslim identit y to rally masses and to justify a separate homeland for them. Interestingly, almost all the major religious parties of that time had opposed the demand of Pakistan either on the grounds that the concept of separate nationhood was not tenable from the positioning of Islam, or that the secular leadership of Muslim League could not be trusted to sincerely fulfill the promise of the creation of an Islamic state.Nonetheless, the Muslim League succeeded in creating Pakistan, despite the opposition of religious parties. As a result, the Islamic identity of the migrant communities, which colonized mostly in the urban areas of Punjab and Sindh, was reinforced and they began to act as the major vehicle for the Islamization campaign in Pakistan. It was, in contrast to other ethnic groups such as Sindhis, Baluchis and Pakhtuns who, while de- accentuation the ideological debate, championed the cause of decentralization and provincial autonomy. 6 7 The Sub-Sects of Muslims (Report), The Econom ist, London, 28 Jan 1995. Daniel Pipes, Islam and Islamic Groups (Detroit Gale Research, 1992), p184. 8 Ibid. p185. 9 Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Sectarianism in Pakistan The Radicalization of Shii and Sunni Identities, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3, July 1998. Gradually, groups emerged out of the actual religious parties, which started emphasizing the sectarian differences with the professed aim of persuading the state to accept their particular views into legislation and its policies.In the following years, Punjab was to become the major victim of sectarian violence. Today sectarian violence has become widespread, particularly between Shia and Sunni militants in areas bordering Afghanistan, while dozens of tribal elders were murdered by militants in Waziristan. CAUSES OF SECTARIAN VIOLENCE IN PAKISTAN This section discusses the main reasons which led to sectarian violence in Pakistan. Pakistan, one of the largest Muslim countries the world, has seen serious Shia-Sunni sectarian violence. Almost 70% of Pakistans Muslim population is Sunni, and another 30% are Shia.However, but this Shia minority forms the second largest Shia population of any plain,10 larger than the Shia majority in Iraq. In the be deuce decades, as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died in sectarian entreating in Pakistan, 300 in 2006. 11 Amongst the culprits doomed for the killing are Al Qaeda working with local sectarian groups to kill what they perceive as Shia apostates, and foreign powers trying to sow discord. 12 10 Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival ( newfangledyorkNorton, 2006), p160. Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan, by David Montero, February 02, 2007. 11 12 Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan, by David Montero, February 02, 2007. Since 2004, there has been intense violence in the FATA. What started in South Waziristan, slowly spread to North Waziristan in 2005 and then later to Bajaur and Mohamand role during 2006 and 2007. For the last cardinal years, this violence has spread to the settled districts of the Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa including Bannu, DI Khan, Peshawar and Swat. Led by the Taliban and its local supporters in the FATA and Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa , this violence is posing a serious threat to the butt of governance, challenging the judicial writ of the State.Referred to by media as Talibanization, these developments has been the subject of intense academic, media and policy interest. Many factors contributed to the growth of sectarian violence since the 1980s and 90s. succession some were direct causes, others confirmatively deepened the sectarian blemish lines. Some of them are Sectarian Politics The following factors increased the sectarian divide, which was embedded in Pakistani society in the 1980s, especially in Punjab. First, the composition of Shia and Sunni militant organizations which were not representative of their respective communities although there was support from them.The formation of the militant Sunni Sipah -i-Sahaba, Pakistan (SSP) and the Shia Sipah-i-Mohammad, Pakistan (SMP) was the main factor underlying the escalating conflict between the two communities. Apart from the Sipah-i-Sahaba, other Sunni organizations like Sunni Tehrik were formed in Sindh. Later some SSP activists led by Riaz Basra organized the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ), named after the founder of the SSP. The LJ was more militant and has been banned. These organizations widened the sectarian divide and both groups started using violence against each other. The strength of these militant sectarian organizations increased in the 1980s nd 90s, and they were all banned by General Musharraf in January 2002. Second, factionalism within the religious parties and militant organizations deepened the sectarian divide. The Jamiat-ul-Islam (JUI) got divided into two factions led by Fazl-ur-Rahman and Sami-ul-Haq and both factions attempted to build their foundations on anti-Shia tenets with each trying to be more virulently anti-Sh ia. Even the militant organizations on both sides (the SSP and the SMP) faced divisions, and these factions, bleak of effective leadership, were come to in arbitrary killings of the other community.Religious parties like the JUI provided indirect support to militant organizations. It is essential to infer that sectarian violence is largely limited to Punjab, especially in the district of Jhang, where the mainstream religious parties never enjoyed habitual support. Baluchistan had been free of sectarian violence and so was Sind, except for Karachi. The Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP), which enjoys support at the popular level in Punjab belongs to the Brehlvi faith and does not share the detestation of the Deobandis and Wahabis towards the Shias.In fact, unlike the latter two, the JUP considers them to be Muslims and a part of the Islamic world. Third, sectarian violence in Punjab was primarily due to Shia-Sunni stinting, social and political relations. For exercise in Jhang, wher e sectarian violence is high, the Shia community forms the upper class, being landlords and enjoying political power the majority Sunni community forms the lower stratum in the social, economic and political hierarchy. When the Sunni middle class grew, especially in the 1970s as a result of better education and remittances from the Gulf, they demanded their share of ocial and political status, which was resisted by the Shias. Maulana Nawaz Jhangvi, assassinated in 1990 by Shia militants, formed the Sipah-i-Sahaba in Jhang in1985, largely to fight the Shia landlords. Anti-Shia groups Anti-Shia groups in Pakistan include the Lashkar i Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, offshoots of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI). The groups demand the expulsion of all Shias from Pakistan and have killed hundreds of Pakistani Shias between 1996 and 1999. 13 As in Iraq they targeted Shia in their hallowed places and mosques, especially during times of communal prayer. 14From January to May 1997, Sunn i terror groups assassinated 75 Shia community leaders in a systematic attempt to abate Shias from positions of authority. 15 Lashkar i Jhangvi has declared Shia to be American agents and the near adversary in global jihad. 16 Islamization policies of Zia Islamic policies introduced by Zia-ul-Haq were also accountable for the growth of sectarian violence indoors Pakistan. An in-depth analysis would reveal that these policies were enhancive and peripheral, as they did not impinge 13 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban Islam, oil and the new great game in central Asia (London Tauris, 2000), p194. 14Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006), p166. Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006), p167. Ibid. p168. 15 16 on the bureaucratic military oligarchy or the feudal social organisation of the society. In fact, these policies were aimed at gaining legitimacy within Pakistan and were not meant to challenge the existing social and economic institutions. However, the Islamization po licies exerted a negative influence on the two communities. The Sunni religious parties led by JUI and JUP became active vis-a-vis the Shias, as they precious the State to introduce the Sunnization of Pakistan, which the Shias feared.This made the Shias defensive and they started musical accompaniment the PPP. In July 1980, 25,000 Shia portested the Islamization laws in the capital Islamabad. Besides, the changes made by Zia led to intense competition amongst the various Sunni groups, especially the Wahabis, Deobandis and Brehlvis, as they compulsioned the State to enforce their own version of Islam, especially the Islamic laws, though they were united in their opposition to Shias. However, the Islamic reforms introduced by Zia, especially relating to the legal field, alarmed the Shia community.The Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqh-iJafriya (TNFJ) was formed in 1979 to enforce the Jafri fiqh earlier in the selfsame(prenominal) year Zia had declared that the Hanafi fiqh would be enforced. The formation of TNFJ was the political response of the Shia community. In its early years it fought to get concessions such as exempting the Shia community from paying zakat and ushr. Jihad in Afghanistan Pakistans Afghan policy in the 1980s and 90s aggravated sectarian violence deep down the country. Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union in the 1980s resulted in the proliferation and easy availability of small arms in Pakistan. 7 The emergence of and subsequent growth of the Taliban in the 1990s and 17 Michael Klare, Redefining Security The New Global Schisms, Current History, Vol. 95, No. 604, 1996, p161. their support to Sunni organizations such as the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen impinged nowadays on sectarian violence. The Sipah-i-Sahaba cadres were trained in Afghanistan and most of them fought the Taliban in Afghanistan and the Shias inside Pakistan. Iran-Iraq War The impact of the emergence of the Khomeini administration in 1979 in Iran and the subsequent Iran-Iraq war in the early 1980s on sectarian violence in Pakistan has generally been underestimated.It is no coincidence that the TNFJ, the main Shiite society in Pakistan, was formed in 1979. When the Iran-Iraq war started, the Muslim world got divided into two camps and started funding their faith. As a result, enormous funds flowed, especially from Saudi Arabia and Iran, into Pakistan to support the various Sunni and Shia organizations and the madras as run by them respectively, which were directly answerable for the growth of organized opposition and violence. Iranian Funding Exacerbating tensions is Iranian funding of Shia extremists in Pakistan, who not sole(prenominal) exact revenge against Sunnis, but have also been used to roughly uppress Iranian dissidents in the country who are critical of the Iranian regime. Shia formed student associations and a Shia party with the fundings from Iran, Sunni began to form sectarian militias recruited from Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith madrasahs. Preaching a gainst the Shia in Pakistan was radical churchman Israr Ahmed. Muhammad Manzour Numani, a senior Indian cleric with close ties to Saudi Arabia print a book entitled Iranian Revolution Imam Khomeini and Shiism. The book, which became the religious doctrine of Deobandi militants 18 in the 1980s, attacked Khomeini and argued the excesses of the 8 Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006), p164. Islamic revolution were cogent evidence that Shiism was not the doctrine of misguided brothers, but beyond the Islamic pale. Pakistan is the only Sunni majority country where Shias have been elected to top offices and played an historic part in the countrys history and nation building. The founder of Pakistan Muhammed Ali Jinnah, Muhammad Ali Bogra and the Bhutto family are Shia Muslims, as is Asif Ali Zardari, Abida Hussian, Faisal Saleh Hayat and several other top ranking Pakistani Politicians and Generals such as Yahya Khan,Musa Khan andIskander Mirza. Jihad in Kashmir Pakistans support and involvement in Kashmir was also responsible for sectarian violence. While the Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Hizbul Mujahideen do not indulge in sectarian violence inside Pakistan, the same cannot be said about other jihadi groups, especially the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and, its later incarnation, the Jaish-eMohammad. Both these groups were trained in Afghanistan under the Taliban and were close to Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, the most violent Sunni organization. Before the Musharraf regime started its rackdown on sectarian organizations in 2001, these three were abstruse in collecting funds for jihad in Kashmir. The security agencies could not do much, as they could not differentiate which organization was involved. Tribal Conflict in the khyber Pakhtoonkhawa Tribal clashes between Pashtun tribes in the Northwest edge Province have also taken on a sectarian nature, with the Shia Orakzai tribe often battling with their Sunni neighbors. These clashes are centered around the town of Bannu, and have often turned deadly.However, the conflict is rooted in centuries old land disputes, and has only taken on a sectarian nature since the fanatic Taliban regime came into power in nearby Afghanistan in the 1990s. The Madrassas Various madrassas, especially in Punjab and Karachi, accentuated existing sectarian cleavage. Each Sunni schism (Deobandi, Brehlvi, Wahabi) and Shias ran their own madrassas for providing basic education. The political platform was decided by the madaris. As a result, when sectarian fault lines got pronounced, a hate campaign was introduced vis-a-vis the other sect.Besides, the madrassas also provided manpower for these sectarian organizations, leading to sectarian engagements on the streets and dividing them further. About one-third of the 2,50019 registered madrassas in Punjab are known to impart military training to their students, and to be directly involved in sectarian attacks. The communities started defending their faith by protecting and suppo rting the offenders instead of condemning their violence. This support took the form of political, personal and financial patronage, which only accentuated the cycle of violence. 19Iqbal Quadir, Madrassa Culture in Pakistan, HRCP Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, Nov 1998. FAILURE OF STATE What has been weak since the beginning of this sectarian conflict in Pakistan is the complete failure of the State, from Zias period onwards. It was unfortunate that during Zias period in the 1980s the Turis of Kurram Agency became the pawns in Pakistans larger game in Afghanistan. The State failed to understand Turi fears and insecurity, and has failed to understand them ever since. The emergence of the Taliban and the growth of sectarian politics in the 1990s further aggravated the situation.Given the sensitivities the State forces should have taken particular(a) care in preventing the movement of battle hardened Sunni Taliban with their sectarian measure into sensitive places. Unfortunately, the State was never keen in enforcing its writ in the tribal agencies. The questions of States failure should be seen in the context of its wider historical lack of interest in maintaining its writ in the FATA. It allowed its writ to erode in the name of maintaining tribal customs and traditions. It even utilize the same customs and traditions to pursue its larger strategic interests in Afghanistan.The Pakistani state has failed to understand that the situation has been dramatically changing over the last decade. A section within the FATA, especially amongst the youngisher generation, is highly influenced by the Taliban-al Qaeda brand of Islam, and prefers to adhere to their Islamic principles, rather than the age old secular tribal customs of the Pashtuns, referred to as Pashtunwali. Another section, within the young generation, exposed to modern education and democratic ideals, prefers the xpansion of States functions into tribal regions. Though both the above streams of youths are highl y anti-American, they dont agree with how they are being governed. While the Taliban supporters prefer to be governed under Shariah, the more modernminded others want the State expand its governance process. Thus, both sections want to repeal the archaic FCR, but for different reasons. More importantly, in the above two schools of thoughts, what is also gradually eroding is the influence of elders and jirga politics.The jirga provides a prefect justify for the State to keep away from the problems and provides an instrument to maintain law and order. Failure of governance also provided space for other groups to express the local sentiments. While in other parts of the FATA, this expression has taken a religious (orthodox Sunni version adopted by Taliban) course, in Orakzai and Kurram, it has also assumed a sectarian nature. The influence of these sectarian organizations can be fought by the State only by expanding the governance process inside these regions.CONCLUSION Since the late 1980s, the Shia-Sunni sectarian violence has engulfed almost the entire province of Punjab and certain parts of the North-Western Frontier Province (Khyber pakhtoonkhawa ). Though sectarian conflict is not a new phenomenon, the scope, intensity and the continuity of the ongoing violent phase are precious in the history of Pakistan. Jhang in Punjab province was the first district to travel by prey to the increased and persistent nature of sectarian violence in the 1980s.The Shia-Sunni sectarian conflict cannot be explained in religious and ideological terms alone notwithstanding the fact that the religious and sectarian idiom is oftentimes used by religious leaders from the pulpit to encourage violence, mobilize their followers and achieve political goals. In the context of sectarian violence, the local contextual realities have been of critical significance. The external stimuli might have played some catalyst role in terms of triggering off and accelerating the process of shift from the torpid sectarian conflict to the violent one.But what is important to note is that the potency of external stimuli and the nature of reaction they might provoke are determined at the local levels. The likelihood of a shift from dormant to violent conflict, however, increases if the institutional and legal structures in a given state fail to adjust and accommodate to the changing socio-economic realities and/or lack capacity to effectively respond and check the external stimuli. Shia-Sunni conflict is primarily a manifestation of the socio-economic changes at the grassroots level, which have given rise to political tensions among different classes of society.Selected Bibliography Secondary Sources Books Ahmad, Mumtaz. Continuity and Change in the Traditional frame of Islamic Education The Case of Pakistan. (Karachi Oxford University Press, 2000). Ahmed, Qeyamuddin. The Wahabi Movement in India (New Delhi Manohar Press, 1994). Jafri, S. H. M. The Origins and Early exploit ation of Shia Islam (Karachi Oxford University Press, 2000). Kraan, J. D. Religious Education in Islam with Special Reference to Pakistan An Introduction and Bibliography (Rawalpindi Christian Study Centre, 1984).Nasr, Vali. The Shia Revival (NewyorkNorton, 2006). Nasr, Vali. Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism (New York Oxford University Press, 1996). Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban Islam, Oil and the New big(p) Game in Central Asia (London Taurus, 2000). Rashid, Ahmed. Jihad The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (Lahore Vanguard, 2002). Sanyal, Usha. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920 (Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1996). publisherAhmed, Khalid. The Power of the Ahle Hadith, The Friday Times, Lahore, 12-18 July 2002. Journal Haqqani, Husain. Islams Medieval Outposts, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 1, 2002, pp58-64. Klare, Michael. Redefining Security The New Global Schisms, Current History, Vol. 95, No. 604, 1 996, P161 Seminar paper Sectarianism in Pakistan Submitted to professor Dr Naseem Submitted by Mati ullah Tareen IR 4th Department of International Relations Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.

Did the wall street crash cause the great deppression?

In the commencing essay, I will be evaluating whether the seawall street disrupt caused the majuscule drop-off or not. I will be discussing whether is has played a major(ip) part in the ample low, whether it was on the nose a minor incident.The Wall Street Crash was a defining moment in the American economic history. It occurred on October 29, 1929. Before this, the American economy was booming. During the 1920s, manage prices were cursorily increase and businesses were doing very well. The image the world received from America was that that everyone was rich, which wasnt. The farmers were disposed very small amounts of money for their work. This meant that people had more money so more products were world sold. There was a lot of speculation that share prices would continue to rise. However, in 1929, the stock markets began to fall dramatically and caused devastating make on the American economy. This was the beginning of long-lasting consequences for the whole country, a nd the world. The Great Depression was a long gradual period in which America suffered swell economic depression, during which financial activity slowed down and unemployment was in high spirits. America had a high rate of starvation, homelessness and poverty. pile were living in poor conditions with very piddling money.There were a few causes of the Wall street recess.One was overproduction. through break through the 1920s thither was a man known as Henry cross began to produce cars at an extremely rapid rate. The amount of goods produced by the industry was increasing especially these auto mobiles,l and consumer goods. However, this was stopped from the 1930s. As a gist of overproduction, there was not enough wealth for people to keep on buying.The second cause was the weakness in banks. At the start of 1920, there were 30,000 independent banks. Most of these were small banks, in rural areas. They were li able-bodied to being withdrawn loans by their customers in large amo unts. 10 years later, 5000 banks were gone, which was 1/6th of the countrys banks.Another main reason was the extremely uneven distributions in income. In 1929, a staggering 1/3 of the countrys wealth belonged to just 5% of the population. Meaning that just 2/3 belonged to 95%. This was a factor of overproduction as limited amount of people in the country could afford new products.Probably the main reason why the Wall Street Crash happened was that there was an international problem with the economy. The office of the European countrys being able to sell goods to America and helping them out with debts, was limited by a Tariff policy which was introduced. This policy (Smoot-Hawley Tariff) was increasing the tax on imports. As a result they were not helped and cognizant by European countries with trades.This Wall Street Crash impacted numerous things. As well as the economic downfall, it also caused banks to come to bankruptcy. People borrowed money from the banks, and when the Wa ll Street crash happened, they were unable to pay the banks back. much than $8.5 billion was loaned out, which is even more than the entire American economy. This great crash also affected the everyday lives of the American citizens. Over 20 billion American citizens lived on $2000 per year. People lost their jobs because the business they worked for couldnt afford their wages. So people began to work in the agriculture. Also, all businesses were struggling to survive in this crash. Share prices increased rapidly, and the businesses were unable to pay for their stock. This was a cycle which inflicted on each other, and each one started from the other.The Wall street Crash itself was not the sole reason of the Great Depression. There was very severe drouth in the 1930 in the USA, which impacted America even more. If the farmers were unable to climb up crops, how would they receive money, and feed their families? If the businesses do not receive the crops, how would they be able to keep receiving profits? As a result, these farmers had to sell their land. This was when famous indite John Steinbeck wrote the book The Grapes of Wrath, which was based on this drought. Also, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff as mentioned above, was a vital part in this depression, as trades were limited.In conclusion slightly whether the Wall Street Crash caused the Great Depression, personally I suppose that the Wall Street Crash was not the sole reason for the Great Depression, but was definitely the main reason. If there was no economic downfall, the Great Depression would not have happened. The Wall street crash loose doors for many different problems, such as bankruptcy. If the Wall street crash itself did not happen, these things would not have occurred.

Communication Opinion

Kevin Molder Imagine a world with no discourse. No way to express feelings of anger or Joy, no weeklong waving goodbye as some genius leaves, communicating via email, text or pen never existed. The mere thought is absurd. Communicating is key to conquest in most both situation, whether it is in the work place, personal smell or everyday tasks. The basic elements of talk and how they differ from the basic rules of health cope communication are covered in this paper.Cultural differences and how hey influence communication, as healthy as how healthcare providers might encourage their unhurrieds to be more exculpated and honest about their health will be covered first. The desegregation of cultural societies has contend to be . In cities such as Chicago, bare-ass York, and Los Angels, an individual using public transportation is going to encounter multitude from different cultural backgrounds. With such a diverse society, how is communication influenced?Having the selfsam e(prenominal) cultural beliefs does non necessarily mean any two slew will react the same in situations (Goanna, 2011). Generalizations an provide clues on what one might encounter and the way communication will be affected (Goanna, 2011). Examples of three generalizations Cultures are either high- context or low context. The filling of medium used to communicate may have cultural undertones. The fall in States for instance, favors electronic and written technology while Japan prefers oral or face-to-face communication (Goanna, 2011). Next, cultures are either sequential or synchronicity.If a culture thinks of time sequential-as a linear commodity to spend, save, or waste, whereas asynchronously-as unvarying flow to be experienced in the moment as a force that cannot be controlled or contained (Goanna, 2011). German and Swedish cultures give fully attention to one task at a time, but opposite parts of the world multi-tasking is the norm (Goanna, 2011). Last, cultures are eit her affective or neutral. A great example of an affective cultural is Italian. They tend to be very passionate and readily show their emotions. The Dutch are more of a neutral culture-very controlled with emotions and do not telegraph them (Goanna, 2011).Communication among healthcare providers and patient is imperative. Many times an individual is embarrassed to revel symptoms or past health check history in fear they might be rejected or Judged. The thought of another patient getting a glance of their medical chart is reason to withhold information or possibly the medication prescribed makes them feel strange or sick? No matter their reasoning, holding back pertinent information could be costly and in worst cases deadly. There are a plethora of shipway healthcare providers can ease the minds of individuals and ensure the line of communication in the midst of them stays open and honest.Patients want to believe their healthcare provider real cares for their well- being. Ver bal and non-verbal communication cooperates providers express interest and concerns to patients. Making eye contact, earshot and questioning with thought, demonstrating understanding and compassion are examples of verbal and non- verbal communication. Bridging any social gap that may be present will help establish open communication between provider and patient. Viewing the kinship as a partnership in which each company contributes to maximize the outcome is an essential element in provider/patient relationships.The excerption of words a provider uses can affect the line of communication between them and their patients a great deal. If an individual has no get byledge of the medical terms a physician is using they may become embarrassed by it and not ask the proper questions or pretend to know what is being said. Effective communication relies on five basic elements, the vector, the receiver, the medium, the melody, and the feedback. The transmitter initiates the communicatio n. Verbal and non-verbal techniques are used to properly convey the message and the sender should have an understanding of who is receiving the message.The party in which the sender is transmitting communication is the receiver. To correctly absorb the message the receiver should listen carefully and not get distracted. The medium is most important of the five elements. It can come in many different forms and is what the receiver is trying to communicate to the receiver. The channel is how the communication is being sent, whether it is mail, text, email or oral. Finally, the feedback describes the receivers response or reply to the senders message.Feedback may come from skiing questions, body language or facial expressions. Health care communication differs from basic communication because patient care becomes a factor. Peoples confidentially and concerns need to be taken into consideration. How the individual receives and interprets messages and information. The family members re ception is important as well. Co-workers need to make sure they are not open with private information. In conclusion, culture differences can be bridged in communication if the sender and receiver are aware of how each party communicates.

Grilled cheese math assignment Essay

In our line for the week of special topics were are minuteded(p) a problem regarding achieving a best time to make barbecued cheeses in a efficient manner in the shortest amount of time. The problem states You need to make five grilled cheese sandwiches. You have a grill that is large enough to toast two sandwiches at a time. The sandwiches must be toasted mavin minute on from each one human face. It mete outs 3 seconds to flip a sandwich and 5 seconds to take one attain or point one on the grill. What is the shortest time needful to toast all five sandwiches? So with the information given we bear conclude that the sandwiches have to be toasted at least 5 mins so it is obvious we cant get anything lower then 5 mins. Next we make an assumption that we can flip two sandwiches at the same time as well as take off and put on two sandwiches as well as take off two sandwiches all simultaneously. So the best way to cypher this problem would be to first simpify the problem so tha t it is easier to see the soultion. So I decided to label the grill cheeses. Each side is denoted by A, B,C, D, E. So assuming the time starts for for the countdown when the two sandwiches are put on the Grill. look 1 A B toasted one side 1 min =1min Step 2 Now Remove B and put C 5sec+5sec+3sec=13 sec( for removing B 5 sec + put C 5 sec+ flip A 3sec) Step 3 A C toasted on grill 1 min =1min Step 4 Now Remove A(completed) and put D 5sec+5sec+3sec=13 sec ( for removing A 5 sec + put C 5 sec+ flip C 3sec) Step 5 C D toasted on grill 1min =1min Step 6 ( except C(completed) ,put E, flip D) 5sec+5sec+3sec=13 sec Step 7 D E toasted on grill toasted 1 min =1min Step 8 remove D(completed), put B , flip E 5sec+5sec+3sec=13 sec Step 9 B E toasted on Grill 1 min =1min TOTAL = 5 min. 52 secThe process stops as all the five sandwiches are toasted, time is not counted for not taking the A and E off the grill. So the shortest time possible needed for grilling all the five sandwiches as well as ta king them off is 5 minutes and 52 seconds.

Bollywood and Gender

Research Proposal Aim To watch and comp atomic number 18 the voice of wo custody in some of the women centrical Hindi subscribe tos released between 1980 to 1990 and 2000 and 2010. Objective To study the issues of gender, caste, development that were perceived in Indian moving-picture show then and promptly in women centric films. A comparative study about the mental way of women in Indian cinema then and now in women centric films. Scope There argon a numerous women centric films that are created in diverse languages around the world. When we focus even on unmatchable ad hoc type, we get to know about the culture and thought suffice of that specific region.Also, a strong statement emerges out of the analysis which is a reflection of the prevailing ideologies in the society. This paper forget be shit a statement on the thought process, beliefs of the people especially for the women. These beliefs systems and ideologies allow be compared through women centric Bollywood icons that were released between 1980s to 1990s and 2000 to 2010. The cranial orbit nookie be extended to many women centric movies do in various languages some other than Hindi. One can too include the earliest of the eras for a detailed similarity and in-depth study.Not except a comparison on the issues kindred gender and caste but also a comparison on other issues like lifestyle, costumes, movie posters etc can be done. Limitations This paper is contain only to Bollywood films because of the language constraints. Also, only two decades pick up been chosen since the comparison and study would be possible with a limited number of films to study. Also, from each decade four women centric films are chosen and then studied thoroughly. Followed by is a detailed analysis of the movie based on the issues of Gender, caste, development, ideologies. Research Question What is the difference in the representation of women portrayed earlier (1980-1990) and that which is shown now ( 2000-2010)? What are the factors that have affected the interpolate in the representation of women in Hindi cinema esp. between the 1980- 1990 and 2000-2010? And how is the spiritual rebirth identified? Was the image of women shown in the movies of 1980-1990 stronger, bolder than those shown now (2000-2010)? Introduction Confirming Aristotles view of art as an imitation of life, gender discrimination in the Hindi film industry does indeed reflect the bias that exists in Indian society.The gender ratio in India is heavily skewed in the favor of antherals (1. 08 staminate(s)/ muliebrityly) (from CIAs publication). Thus, Indian moviegoers are presumed to be closelyly menroughly between the age of 15 to 34 years. These moviegoers, according to an all-India suss out by a research organization, enjoy mindless comedies. Such view dominates cinematic expression in one of the worlds largest centers of film production. The Indian entertainment industry stands at $10 billion immedia tely and is expected to grow at 18 percent per annum compounded yearly over the bordering two years (Economic Times).An average Indian spends somewhat 4. 6 percent of disposable income on movie watching in theaters. And because issue-based films are not a favorite with the masses, a producer opts for subjects with much appeal so that he or she can recuperate the Brobdingnagian investments involved in film production. Even egg-producing(prenominal) filmmakers do not risk funding for their films by focusing on women-centric subjects. At natural Yorks iView Film Festival held in 2009, which explored gender and sexuality issues, filmmakers and actors on the panel were asked to comment on the presentation of social issues through Indian films.Zoya Akhtar, the filmmaker ofLuck By Chance (2009), and a panel phallus commented on the female protagonist in her film saying that, The geek could have been any the fact that she is a woman is a coincidence. save because the film ends up centering on the story of a woman, the manager struggled for six years to make the filmapparently because numerous male actors secreteed down the costarring role. She had a difficult time despite her insider side in the industry as the daughter of renowned Indian hired manwriters, Javed Akhtar and the sis of an accomplished film director, actor, producer and singer, Farhan Akhtar.The absence of female centric scripts in main stream Hindi cinema is partially to be unholy because of its commercial viability. Also, commercially super-hit films like Jab We Met(2007) and Paa(2009) are termed as female centric films, but on observing closely, we realize that both the female characters in the end need their male counterpart to overcome their ruefulness or are heavily relied on them to ensure a capable ending to their story. Hindi cinema is divided into trends or eras. Starting from the profound ra in 1920s, Hindi cinema has evolved tremendously in toll of technique, story tell ing and the stories that were told. The period from late 1940s till mid-sixties is considered as the Golden era of Indian cinema. Bollywood witnessed a new jar in form of content, where earlier movies focused mainly on mythologic stories, after independence, their focus shifted on development issues (Do Bigha Zameen- in 1953), gender (Bandini-in 1963), caste discrimination (Sujata-in 1959), etc. In the early years of Indian cinema, it was Bimal Roy who made a host of films in which his heroines had the lead part to play.Commercial cinema then had female centric scripts and Nutan, Meenakumari, Madhubala and Waheeda Rehman have portrayed some of the most powerful female characters in Hindi cinema and delivered super-hit films. The role play by Zeenat Amaan in the movie (Qurbani-in 1980) was much ahead of its time. It was bold and firm unlike of the characters that we seen in the movies of late 90s. One of the outstabding commercial hits Seeta aur Geeta surd more on the heroines qu ite an than the two heroes. Besides such reflect plots, some movis have focused exclusively on the heroine and woven the script around a central female character.In such films, the woman has no prototype. Jaya Bhaduris Guddi was one of the early hits where the innocent young lady next door image of a star struck teenager became exemplar of each school going daughter for years to come. In other films like Aandhi, an educated wife changes course midway from a happily married woman to a leading politician. When we compare those films with the films produced during 1990s and later, we can see stark contrast in the way female leads were be portrayed. Not only in their portrayal of the character, but also in the way the content of the movie that was generated.At times or rather most of the times, they were meant to accomplishments to their male counterparts. Shridevi in Lamhe(1991), Madhuri Dixit in Hum Aapke Hain Koun-(1994), Karishma Kapoor in Dil to Paagal Hain-(1997), Fiza-(2000) ,Kajol in Dushman-(1998) and Aishwarya Rai in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam-(1999), Taal-(1999) and Guzaarish-(2010) were some of the most popular leading ladies during this era. though they were brilliant performers, they hardly were part of a movie where they were not shown adhered to the wishes of the male lead, society and family.It becomes mandatory to ultimately create an image of an ideal girl/woman for the audience (here consumers) because thats how our society works and secondly it becomes lenient for that the idea to sell hence increase in numbers and popularity. Films like Dor (2006), Silsilay (2005), Tehzeeb (2003), Pinjar (2003), Chameli (2003), Satta (2003), Filhaal (2002), Zubeidaa (2001) Lajja (2001), Chandni Bar (2001) and Fiza (2000) brought the woman into the spotlight all these films got critical acclaim, but they didnt turn out to be a commercial hit.Surprisingly, in recent times, No One Killed Jessica was the only women centric film that sort of worked at the rece ss office. All said and done, it shows that we lack on ideas. We as audience are treading backward as we choose to accept only a specific image of woman being shown. Hence, I would focus on a comparative study of two different bollywood era. This will not only comment on the techniques and style of film making, but it will also comment on the kind of cinema accepted by the masses then and now.It will clearly showcase the image of a girl or a woman being shown by the film makers and its credence by the audience. It will talk about how issues of gender, caste, development were perceived in Indian cinema then and now. Hence, it will become a pagan comparative study of two different decades from Indian history and will help us understand that how the term Indian Culture has evolved over a period of time. A Tentative Bibliography Criticisicm and Truth by Roland Barthes idiot box commercials and rural women as audience in India by Ila Patel Ways of sightedness by John Berger About Looking by John Berger Women and craft contested Territory by ChicagoJudy Bollywood in Posters by Ausaja. S. M. M. A thought Eye by Paul Klee Reference Links www. indianetzone. com www. indianlink. com www. altlawforum. org www. expressindia. com www. semionaut. com www. sebsteph. com www. slideshare. net Heta Vyas MAJ 0310

Response to Decolonizing the Mind

In Decolonising the Mind Ngugi Wa Thiongo makes the call to African writers to begin makeup belles-lettres in their own spoken communications, and to make sure that literature is connected to their spates revolutionary struggles for independence from their colonial regimes. He begins with the historical meeting he was invited to with his fellow African writers in Kampala, Uganda. In this conference, writers who wrote their stories in African languages were mechanically neglected.He also continues to point out or so how incline and other European languages atomic number 18 assumed, until today, to be the earthy languages and unifying forces in both literature and political views among African stack. For instance, to explain his point, Ngugi maps Chinua Achebe, one of the major African writers, who embraces the use of an English linguistic communication in his works. Ngugi quotes For me (Achebe) there is no other choice, I have been micturaten the language and I intend to u se it (Achebe, 62).Finally, Ngugi concludes that writing in African languages is a necessary step toward cultural individualism and liberation from centuries of European exploitation. Firstly, I accept Ngungis claim that an educational strategy that focuses and embraces only foreign works, such as language and enculturation is destructive Thus language and literature were taking us nevertheless and further from ourselves to other selves, from our world to other worlds(266). Obviously, there is a pick out to create a literature that embraces the real African experience starting line from the perspective of the locals, not the intruders.The local language is an integral part of conveyance of title that experience, this is simply because much of the local tradition is preserved in that language. For example, Ngugi insists that stories and songs are effectively passed down from one generation to the next through and through viva (story-telling), and the fact that both the story teller and the listener are interested and involved in the conversation. Therefore, the benefits of embracing and working in the local language and within the local traditions bring the entire community together.Secondly, I support Ngugis view that colonialism has deemed African languages unworthy of use both by the colonizers and the colonized. He explains how a cultural bomb was dropped on Africa so the chiefs and because the resources of Africans were controlled. In my view, not only colonizers understand that it is not enough to dish out everywhere Africa with guns alone, but they also need to take over the mind of its people through language and the fine education they offer through that language.This is seen in the schools where European languages are idolized, in the streets where African languages become identical with the language of the peasantry, and at the prison cells were those African writers who choose to stay reliable to their female parent tongue are held. I strongly agree about Ngugis choice to write only in Gikuyu rather than English language I recall that my writing in the Gikuyu language, a Kenyan language, an African language, is part and parcel of the anti-imperialist struggles of Kenyan and African peoples (267).He reminds me my native country, Kenya, and Kamba is my mother tongue, so if I choose to write in Kamba as Ngugi did, I will not be doing something kinky. It true that imperialism has turned African peoples minds upside down African people view abnormal as normal and normal as abnormal. For example, Europe and the States became flush and continue to get rich from using both Africas natural and human resources, but African people are made to believe that they cannot become poverty free without European and American intervention.Therefore, Ngugis decision to abandon English completely in his writings and embrace Gikuyu in attempt to align himself with the people (Gikuyu-speaking population) is one step toward cultura l indistinguishability and independence from European exploitation. I also agree with Ngugi that settlement is not simply a process of physical force rather the hummer is the means of physical subjugation, and Language is the means of the spiritual subjugation(265).In Kenya, colonization propagated English as the language of education as a result, viva voce literature in Kenyan indigenous languages gradually faded away. This is devastating to African literature because, as Ngugi writes, language carries culture and culture carries, especially through orature and literature, the entire body of values by which we perceive ourselves and our browse in the world(267).This means that Language as culture, it expresses and carries the culture of people therefore, it becomes the storehouse of its images, ideas, wisdom, experience and history. It ties me to my people and becomes part of who I am. And finally, language as culture, it shapes how I look at the world and myself. Lastly but no t least, I think Decolonising the Mind is an integral to understanding an anti-colonialist struggles. Europe and America view colonialism in terms of the most visible aspects of a nation, to wit its leadership.People fail to see and recognize the long-term effects of colonialism, such as the widespread poverty. Decolonizing the Mind reminds me of another aftereffect, specifically, the supremacy of language by the horse opera World. In a sense, the language barrier enables social apartheid where legal time interval is considered anachronistic. By dominating African languages, and asserting the superiority of European ones over them, Western nations, including some African nations, do perpetuate a system where educated whites rise to the highest.As a result, native Africans resign to the working classes and peasantry. This domination of language effectively prevents any native African from rising into clever ranks because, as Ngugi puts it, the use of European languages splits Af rican soul in two, forcing him to give up his roots if he wishes to climb the social ladder. Work Cited Currey, James. The Language of African Literature Decolonising the Mind The politics ofLanguage in African Literature. capital of the United Kingdom 1981. 263-267

American History Study Guide Ch. 15-18

Chapter 15 Elizabeth Cady Stanton One of the most prominent leadership of the 19th century and leaders figure of the early womans body social activist/abolitionist Opposed the 14th and fifteenth amendment be stir it did nothing to enfranchise women Leader of the National Suffrage Association Crop-lien/Sharecropping suppuration of cotton and pledge a part of the crop as verificatory Sharecropping initially arose as a compromise in the midst of blacks desire for terra firma and planters demand for labor discipline System allowed each black family to hitch a part of a plantation with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year Guaranteed the planters a immutable resident labor force Black CodesLaws passed by the new southerly disposals that attempted to regulate the lives of the creator slaves Granted blacks certain rights legalized marriage, ownership of property, and moderate access to courts Denied them rights to testify against whites, serve on juries or in allege militias, or to vote Declared that those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested and hired out to white earthly concernowners Thaddeus StevensRadical who represented Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives Wanted to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and northern migrants to the South plan proved to be too primary Hiram Revels Mississippi representative for the U. S. Senate during Reconstruction Served as chaplain in the wartime Union legions and became the number 1 black senator in American history Enforcement Acts of 1870-1871 Outlawed terrorist societies and allowed the hot seat to use the army against them Continued the elaboration of national authority duringReconstruction. define crimes that aimed to deprive citizens of the civil and semipolitical rights as federal offenses rather than violations of render law Klan detailually went out of existence U. S. v Cruikshank overthrew the Enforceme nt Acts U. S. v Cruikshank rule that the due process and equal protection clauses applied only to conjure action and not to actions of individuals Case that gutted the Enforcement Acts by thro come alongg out convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre of 1873 Election of 1876/Bargain of 1877Republican nominee Rutherford B. Hayes representative nominee Samuel J. Tilden Election so close that whoever captured SC, FL, or LA would win Bargain sexual relation appointed a 15-member electoral commission Members unyielding Hayes carried the disputed southern carrys, and therefore, won Reconstruction Act of 1867 temporarily divided the South into 5 military districts and called for the creation of new maintain governments, with black men given the right to vote Passed by Congress over Johnsons veto Chapter 16 Railroad Strike of 1877 ka with child(p) Railroad Strike first national labor walkout When workers protested a fee cut that paralyzed rail traffic, milit ia units tried to force them sand to work The call for revealed a strong sense of solidarity among workers and close ties b/w the Republican party and the new class of industrialists Aftermath government constructed armories to ensure troops would be in hand in the event of labor difficulties Henry George, Progress and Poverty Influential writer on social issues during the Gilded AgeHe identified the monopolization of land as the cause of social inequality Progress and Poverty offered a critique of the expansion of poverty amid material abundance Book proposing more optimistic remedies for the anisometric distribution of health His solution single taxwhich would replace new(prenominal) taxes with a levy on increases in the value of real estate it would be so high that it would prevent speculation in some(prenominal) urban and rural land George rejected the traditional equation of acquaintance with ownership of land saw government as a repressive position Sherman Ant-Trust Ac tBanned combinations and practices that restrained free trade unfeasible to enforce Helped to establish the precedent that the national government could regulate the parsimony to promoted the public good Lochner v New York/Liberty of Contract grand Supreme court voided a state law establishing ten bits per solar day or sixty per week as the maximum hours for bakers Battle at Wounded Knee Soldiers opened fire on Ghost Dancers encamped near(a) Wounded Knee Creek, killing b/w 150 and cc Indians Marked the end of four centuries of armed conflict b/w the continents native population and European settlers and their descendantsAndrew Carnegie Established a vertically integrated steel company one that controlled every flesh of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution. Dominated steel industry K iniquitys of Labor commencement ceremony group to try to organize unskilled workers as skilled, women alongside men, and blacks as well as whites Wan ted to end the use of public and close police forces and court injunctions against strikes and labor organizations Thomas A. Edison whiles superlative inventor Invented the phonograph, light bulb, motion picture, and a system for generating and distributing electric power Opened first electric generating station U. S. Steel Company Founded in 1901 maintained labor policies held by Andrew Carnegie lower wages and opposition to unionization Chapter 17 Omaha Platform, 1892 society design adopted at the formative multitude of the Populist Party Represents the merger of the agrarian concerns of the Farmers Alliance with the free-currency monetarism of the Greenback Party while explicitly endorsing the goals of the largely urban Knights of Labor.Tom Watson Georgias leading Populist who worked the hardest to forge a black-white alliance Made vicious speeches lash up prejudice against blacks, Jews, and Catholics Kansas Exodus Some blacks sought a air out through emigration from the South 40, 000 to 60, 000 African Americans migrated to Kansas seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity Exodus derived from biblical enumerate of Jews escaping slavery in Egypt Ida B. WellsNations leading antilynching reformer insisted that given the conditions of southern blacks, the US had no right to call itself the land of the free New Immigrants 3. 5 million newcomers seeking jobs in the industrial centers of the North and Midwest Described by native-born Americans as members of straightforward races, whose lower level of civilization explained everything from their willingness to work for substandard wages to their so-called inborn tendency toward criminal behavior Business Unionism Womens Christian Temperance UnionLargest female organization comprehensive program of economic and political reform including the right to vote must drop out the idea that weakness and dependence were their nature and join assertively in movements to change society Frances Willard President Election of 1896 Republicans met the silverite challenge insisting that specious was the only honest currency Republican nominee William McKinley Sometimes called the first modern presidential campaign because of the amount of money spent Democrats and Populists back up William Jennings Bryan McKinley was the winner Platt AmendmentDrafted by Senator Platt of Connecticut Authorized the US to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit US also acquired a permanent consider on naval stations in Cuba Had to be approved forrader Cuba could recognize their independence Chapter 18 Muckraking The use of journalistic skills to split up the underside of American life Theodore Roosevelt came up with the term New immigration Began around 1890 and reached its peak during the Progressive Era People came from southern and eastern Europe 13 million came to the US, the majority from Italy, Russia, and the Austro-Hungarian empireFordism Conce ntration on standardizing create and lowering prices Moving assembly line car frames brought to workers on a continuously moving conveyor belt Fordism economic system base on mass production and mass consumption Lawrence, Mass. , strike of 1912 When the state legislature enacted a 54 hour workweek, employers reduced the weekly push home pay of those who had been laboring longer hours Workers spontaneously went on strike and called IWW for assistance Children strikers left the city, and city officials locateed that no more children could take leave LawrenceSamuel Golden RuleJones Gilded Age mayors who pioneered urban Progressivism Instituted 8 hour day and paid vacations at his factory that produced oil drilling equipment Founded night schools and free kindergartens, built new parks, and supported right of workers to unionize Jane Addams Eras most prominent female reformer Believed womans life should be governed by the family claim the obligation to devote herself to parents, h usband, and children break up of the Hull House in 1889 settlement house devoted to alter the lives of the immigrant poorJohn Muir Organized the Sierra Club to help preserve forests from uncontrolled enter by timber companies and other intrusions of civilization Federal Trade electric charge Second expansion of national power in 1914 Established to ask and prohibit unfairbusiness activities such as price-fixing and monopolistic practices Welcomed by many business leaders as a means of restoring order to the economic marketplace and warding off more radical measure for hold back corporate power

A Letter to My Teacher – 15 Things About Me

Northern Caribbean University School of Religion and Theology Research Paper Pre directed in Partial Fulfillment of the Course RELB113 divinity fudge and Hu adult male Life By Akeem Favorite 18100633 To Dr. Earl Cameron December 8th, 2011 One stark similarity existing amid the christian and Islamic assent is the visualize of buyback. Both agree that the plan of repurchase must be attained through the acceptance of idol. There be hundreds of antithetic organized trusts in the world essenti eachy each holinesss acquire that on that point is several(prenominal) form of salvation.Christianity and Islam are two religions that take up much in common, when it comes to the topic of salvation. A common deal dual-lane by both is expressed through their persuasion that it is by idol they are saved through the plan of salvation. Careful research reveals that thither is a commonality between Christians and Muslims in the side by side(p) areas the After feel, theology, Heav en, Hell and ruling Day. Therefore, this research allow explore the aforementi matchlessd existential similarities between Christianity and Islam. Christianity started nigh two thousand old age ago in Judea with savior and his disciples. saviour was a Jew and observed the Jewish law as easy as associated Himself with the Jews. In his early years, deliveryman travelled from village to village didactics and preaching in the synagogues as well as healing those who were suffering. saviour authorized many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) a(prenominal) faultners to expiate from their self-righteous and hypocritical ways, allowing them to realize that divinity is rooted in proceeds and dear. The ministry of delivery boy touched the lives and hearts of many people. savior taught his disciples ab bulge out the will of god and the will of the untested covenant.The impudent covenant is that Jesus himself would pay for the blurt outs of all humanity by uni rhythm crucif ied un besidesly on a cross. Three days later, he would be resurrected, having conquered death to give hope to a hopeless world. The purpose of this new covenant is to restore those who accept it into a renewed fellowship of lenity and love with idol. Just as Jesus taught, it all happened and his disciples witnessed an amazing miracle. Their teacher, Jesus of Nazareth pa utilise and rose a dispatch in three days to become their Messiah. abjure by a great charge to share the love that the deity of the universe had imparted upon them, the disciples began to proclaim this great gospel of hope throughout the territory. From a fiddling group of ordinary men that lived in a small village in Judea, the history of the Christian church began, and the Christian faith blurtce then has spread to the rest of the world. Jesus disciples preached a simple core For perfection so loved the world that he gave his one and alone Son, that whoever studys in him shall not perish but consent eter nal life history. John 316) According to the Christian belief, salvation is found in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. buyback comes only by the grace of God in that respect is nobody a Christian can do to stock-purchase warrant their consume salvation, they cannot save themselves or determine their fate after death. Salvation is a process that begins when a person completely accepts Jesus Christ in their life, and it continues through that persons life and is completed when they tie-up before God on judgement day.Jesus the son of God is the bridge to the Father. If Christians obey and turn over in Him, as well as chose his way, Jesus reforms them from their criminalitys by His blood. But if we walk in the light as He is in the light, we be possessed of fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 17) Islam is a monotheistic religion of law that is primarily c at one timerned with right practices. I t was highly-developed in the Middle East in the 7th century C. E.The battle cry Islam mean surrender or submission, this religion was founded on the didactics of the prophet Muhammad. Imam Ibn Katheer who was a historian and commentator writes in the Tafseer of the verse 17 94-95 which is the Arabic word for Exegesis or Commentary, usually of the Quran said Allah says pointing out His Kindness and Mercy towards His servants, that He sends to them Messengers of their own kind so that they will understand what he says and will be able to speak to him directly. If He were to send to umanity a Messenger from among the angels, they would not be able to apportion with him face to face and learn from him, as Allah says, Indeed, Allah conferred a great opt on the imaginers when He sent among them a Messenger (Muhammad) from among themselves. During the age of 40, Muhammad began to retrieve visions and revelations from a higher power and Muhammad began to tell people about these vis ions and revelations and gained many followers. These visions and revelations lasted for 23years and became the Quran. Islam has several branches and much variety within those branches.The two divisions within the religion are the Sunni and Shia, each of these divisions has contrastive means of maintaining religious authority. One of the trust characteristics of Islam is the louver pillars, the fundamental practices of Islam. These five practices include 1. Reciting the two-fold Creed (shahada) (profession of faith) There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet (or Muhammad is the messenger of God). 2. Prayer (salat) At five set-times a day while facing towards the city of Mecca. 3.Alms giving (sakat) (zakat- means purification, an act of worship_ Both obligatory and voluntary giving to the poor. 4. sobriety (saum) Especially during the holy month of Ramadan. 5. Pilgrimage (hajj) At least once in a lifetime to Mecca, Saudi Arabia if at all possible, cognise as th e Hajj. Even though Muslims may observe each of these pillars there is s coin bank no guarantee of salvation. Islam is based on a religion of self-righteousness. According to the Islam belief, salvation is found in Allah. In order to draw this salvation as a Muslim one must first off submit themself to the teaching of Islam and the will of Allah.Islam is a religion of salvation by works and Islam teaches that forgiveness is assureed upon good works and Allahs survival of mercy. In other word, Muslims believe by pleasing Allah and doing good works, they are gaining an entrance through personal merit. The Quran teaches that salvation is received on the alkali of good works. According to Islam on the day of judgement a persons good and wretched whole kit and boodle will be weighed on a scale good works are heavy and evil workings are light. The person who shows forth with more good deeds then evil, will go to enlightenment compared to the person whose evil deeds out way the good .Muslims believe that their chances for heaven are good if he 1 accepts the Muslim God Allah and his apostle Mohammed, 2 does good works and all that is required of him by Allah, and 3 is predestined to Allahs favour. If anyone desires a religion other than Islam (Submission to Allah), Never will it be accepted of him and in the hereunder he will be in the ranks of those who prolong lost. (Quran 385 cp. 510 2568) In order to know the different views of Islam and Christianity we have to go back to the very beginning of time, the time of raptus and Eve.The holy books of Islam and Christianity recount the story of Adam and Eve in the garden, and how they were told by God not to eat of a certain tree, but they disobeyed God. When linking the belief of salvation with Islam and Christianity the differences begin. Christianity calls Adam and Eves sin the fall of man, when Adam and Eve fell from the grace of God because of their sin. Christians believe that repayable to Adam and Eves sin, all of mankind will die according to Romans 512. This is because Christianity teaches that all the descendants of Adam and Eve have inherited the ability to sin.Thus Christians believe in the doctrine of headmaster sin, according to Romans 323 we are all born as sinners. Islam on the other hand does not teach professional sin but reliable forgiveness, Islam excessively makes get up of the story of Adam and Eve. In Islam Adam is the first prophet. Islam does state that Adam and Eve did sin in the garden, but unlike Christianity, that makes no mention of the repentance of Adam and Eve, Islam teaches that they did repent and ask God/ Allah for forgiveness and were fully forgiven, so that their sin had no consequences for the rest of human race according to the Quran. Quran 227) thus Islam teaches original forgiveness and not original sin. Seeing that Christianity teaches original sin and Islam teaches original forgiveness this then brings us to the difference of Salvation. co d to the original sin of Adam and Eve, mankind lost its relationship with God. In order to air with his children again, God did the best thing possible, God became flesh, and he became one of the creatures he do, man. Jesus came to earth because he loves his children he came to deliver truth in a world of false beliefs. But the main reason he came to earth was to be the lowest sacrifice for their sins.The simple reason was because they were not good enough compared to Gods standard Jesus Christ. Jesus then came into a sinful world to teach the love of God and tell of the new covenant that was put in place to gain that connection with God. This new covenant was that Jesus Christ himself would pay the penalisation for the sins of all humanity and be crucified on a cross, but would jump off again in three days to live, having conquered death, to give hope to a hopeless world. By the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, salvation is then given to mankind.His love prompted Him to become man to accomplish what only He could, to rescue mankind. Due to the fact that humanity is sinful, in a spiritually wrecked condition they are in need of redemption, but could not redeem themselves. No other person, but the Creator could accomplish that no man with sin could qualify to redeem them with his life. God came to earth as man to cleanse the effect of the disease of sin inherited to all humanity. God loves his children and he who is perfect, righteous and holy lived among his creatures that are unholy, unrighteous, even those who were enemies of him.While on the other hand Muslims believe that God forgave Adam for what he did and because of that no one should be made to bear the burden of someone elses sin or mistake because it is unfair. This God that the Muslims refer to as Allah is the God and churchman of Jesus, and is the same God that Jesus refers to as father to whom he used to pray to. Muslims contradicts the idea that Jesus Christ was crucified on t he cross. They believe Allah spared his messengers life from much(prenominal) an embarrassing death and placed Judas on the cross, which God made to look like Jesus so that he would suffer his rightful(prenominal) penalty for betrayal.Through this teaching Muslims see themselves protecting the prophetic righteousness of Jesus, since a true prophet, according to Islam, could not suffer the humiliation that Jesus did. Muslims affirm that Jesus ascended to heaven but deny that he died on the cross. Muslims do not feel that it was necessary for Jesus to pay for our sins. They believe that every man must bear and pay his or her own sins for Jesus to be punished and responsible for our sins would be unjust in their eyes.Since Muslims do not recognize the universal and corruptive power of sin, released as a result of original sin, they see no need for salvation. If there is no sin that has a soften on you, you do not need to be saved from it. This is why they do not charter any assuran ce of salvation. According to their view it is best to live a good life, pleasing God in all that you do. Submit to God and follow his commands. Religion, to the Muslim, does not mean salvation from sin it means following the right path, or the sharia, mapped out by Islamic law.That is why salvation is exclusively based on works, or what man can do to exalt himself in the eyes of Allah. Although Christians and Muslims dont agree on many things, there are still some things that they both have in common. The first thing they have in common is their view of God. They both believe that there is one God and there is nothing or anyone else like him. There is no other entity in the unblemished universe worthy of worship besides him. He was born of a virgin and is the creator of man and this universe and is not created. He is also a sovereign God in the lives of men.He is first, last and imperishable he was when nothing was, and will be when nothing else remains. Despite being called All ah in Islam, this is the same God that Christians believe in. Both view God as all powerful, all knowing, all present, and all merciful. They both believe that only God can grant life to anything and he sent his messenger to guide all of mankind. They believe that God is a just God, but is also a God of principles and finally they both have a holy book that is the only true revealed book in the world that has been kept without change.The second thing that these two religions have in common is death and the afterlife. They believe that this present life that they live is a trial in preparation for the next realm of existence. When a Christian or a Muslim dies the families of both of these religions have a funeral do to remember the loved ones time on earth, as well as their own existence here on earth is brief. Once this funeral service is done both religions place their loves ones back in the earth till the day of judgement where they will be taken up to heaven and judged and other make it to heaven or go to hell.The third and final thing that Christians and Muslims have in common is their holy books and creation. Although they have different names for it and it is written differently, there are still has some similarities, such as the persons, events and the books. In both books you will find that they make mention of, Paul, David, Mary and Jesus. Both books contain some of the same events such as the story of Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, Noah and the flood, Abraham promised a son, Lot and Sodom and Gomorrah and other stories as well make mention of the same people and places.They also have some of the same books such as Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Quran and the Holy Bible both teach a six day creation. Adam and Eve were created in transparent perfection and placed in a beautiful garden. There dickens tempted them to rebel against God by eating the forbidden fruit, experiencing Gods wrath and judgement, and dismissal from the garden. In conclusion I have intentional that even though these are two different religions, they both hold significant information. This information that is given to all of humanity is the plan of salvation.Although Christians believe that salvation is based on the grace of God and Muslims believe that salvation is based on good works both teach that this salvation will lead them to judgement were they will either make it to heaven or hell. Even though Christianity was around six hundred years before Islam both believe in one God and his sovereigns to all of mankind and cannot wait till that day when they shall me their God. References http//www. religionfacts. com/christianity/beliefs/salvation. htm http//www. comparativereligion. com/salvation. html14 http//www. ankerberg. com/Articles/_PDFArchives/islam/IS3W0605. df http//www. arabicbible. com/islam/sinsalv. htm http//www. religioustolerance. org/chr_savb. htm http//www. youtube. com/ realize? v=mh4_86xxlpA http//carm. org/reli gious-movements/islam/comparison-grid-between-christianity-and-islamic-doctrine http//www. christchurchcentral. co. uk/toughquestions/islam http//www. allaboutreligion. org/history-of-christianity. htm http//www. truechristianity. com/christian/salvation. htm http//www. religionfacts. com/islam/beliefs/salvation. htm http//www. 30-days. net/islam/basics/beliefs/ http//answering-islam. org/Intro/comparison. html

A Compare/Contrast of Monet’s Grainstack(Sunset) and van Gogh’s The Sower

In this essay I leave behind compare and contrast two paintings. The first is Grainstack (Sunset), painted by Claude Monet in 1891. The second is The Sower, which was painted by Vincent train Gogh in 1888. both(prenominal) paintings were painted around the uniform time and are very like in style and face, only when their differences lucubrate the change that was happening from the impressionist to the Post-Impressionist movement.Just beginning with the obvious, both Monet and new wave Gogh used the same medium, oil on canvas. Both Grainstack and The Sower were paintings of the outdoors around sunset, focusing on the demeanor that the setting sun played with the colour of the environment. They are naturalistic artworks, portraying natural objects in recognizable form, although Monets Grainstack is more naturalistic than van Goghs Sower. When Monet painted Grainstack, he was experimenting with perceptual color.The melodic theme of the Impressionist movement was to objecti vely record nature as it was seen by the painter, focusing on the effects of color and light. He painted Grainstack the way he saw it not the echt color that we know it was, but the colors that the sunset made it appear. Van Gogh, at the beginning of the Post-Impressionist movement, was not merely trying to paint what he saw, but wanted to take perception in the colors and lines.He was initi totallyy drawn to the subject matter by the contrasting colors of the sky and the field, how the contrast of the regal shadows on the field and the yellow sun in the sky close to irritated the eye. Where Monet painted what he saw, van Gogh changed and softened the render so as to portray the emotion in the contrasting colors while still making the painting pleasing to the eye. This became a recurring theme for van Gogh, as can be seen in The iniquity Cafe, which he painted very soon after The Sower.In both Grainstack and The Sower, the artists use a technique very similar to pointillism. They paint with macroscopical brushstrokes, using colors that blend together to create the images that the artists wish us to see. However, where Monet uses smaller, thinner strokes to create a more streamlined image van Gogh is more loose and free with his brush strokes, conveying emotion in the broad, expressive lines. This is another example of the transition from Impressionism to Post-Impressionism.The way that Monet and van Gogh approached these two paintings are slightly different. The focal point of Grainstack is the actual haystack. Its lines lead you toward the center of the page, but the main focus is the haystack, sitting take away to the side. This gives it a slightly unbalanced feel. In The Sower, van Gogh achieves an round-shouldered balance by countering the visual weight of the farmer on the right, with the path, the birds and the house, all leading the eye to the left and back into the contrasting colors of the environment. plot of ground these two paintings may not seem very different at first glance, once you delve into them a little deeper, their differences almost surmount their similarities. Painted right on the cusp of the transition from Impressionism to Post-Impressionism, these two paintings illustrate the slowly changing style of the period. Their color, line, and subject matter make Grainstack and The Sower immaculate examples of the embodiment of their respective movements, and the subtle changes in style that were occurring.ReferencesDoyle, Marc artistry Movements Timeline The Art Industri Group Van der Wolk, J. Vincent Van Gogh Paintings and Drawings 1990